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:''This article is about a millennial Temple movement called Templers. If you are looking for the article about Templars, see the article Knights Templar. If you are looking for the fictional series of the same subject, see The Knight Templar (Crusades trilogy).'' The German Colony (''Hamoshava Hagermanit'') ((ヘブライ語:המושבה הגרמנית)) was established in Haifa in 1868 by the German Templers. It was the first of several colonies established by the group in the Holy Land. Others were founded in Sarona near Jaffa, Galilee and Jerusalem. ==History== The Templers, a religious Protestant sect formed in southern Germany in the 19th century, settled in Palestine at the urging of their leader, Christoff Hoffman, in the belief that living in the Holy Land would hasten the second coming of Christ. The Templers built a colony in keeping with strict urban planning principles and introduced local industries that brought modernity to Palestine, which had long been neglected by the Ottomans. They were the first to organize regular transportation services between Jaffa, Acre and Nazareth, which also allowed for mail delivery. In 1874 the Christian denomination of the Temple Society underwent a schism and later envoys of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces successfully proselytised among the schismatics, making up about a third of the colonists. Thus the Colony became a place of partisans of two different Christian denominations and their respective congregations. While in Germany the Templers were regarded as sectarians, the Evangelical proselytes gained major financial and mental support from German Lutheran and Evangelical church bodies. This created an atmosphere of mistrust and envy among the German colonists in Haifa. On July 17, 1886 the proselytes appealed to the ''Supreme Church Council'' of the ''State Church of Prussia's older Provinces'' to be accepted as and helped to found an Evangelical congregation. In 1891 the ''Jerusalemsverein'' ((英語:Association of Jerusalem)), a Berlin-based Evangelical charitable organisation to subsidize Protestant activities in the Holy Land, decided to support the new Haifa congregation. The ''Jerusalemsverein'' sent and sponsored a teacher for the congregants' children. In 1892 the ''Jerusalemsverein'' decided to lend the congregation the money needed to build a prayer hall. Otto Fischer (1813–1910), a Haifa resident, donated the land at the foot of Mount Carmel, and the Haifa engineer Ernst August Voigt gratuitously drew the constructions plans.〔Voigt collaborated with Jacob Gottlieb Schumacher in measuring the Hauran, he designed the street and site plan of the colonies in Allonei Abba (then Waldheim) and Hadera. Cf. Ejal Jakob Eisler ((ヘブライ語:איל יעקב אייזלר)), "«Kirchler» im Heiligen Land: Die evangelischen Gemeinden in den württembergischen Siedlungen Palästinas (1886–1914)", In: ''Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem'', Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 81–100, here footnote 192 on p. 85. ISBN 3-374-01706-1.〕 In September 1892 the constructions started and pastor Carl Schlicht (Jerusalem) inaugurated the community centre, including a prayer hall and two school rooms, on July 2, 1893. Starting in the same year the ''Jerusalemsverein'' sponsored a pastor for the new Haifa Evangelical Congregation. The teacher Herrmann initiated a choir. From 1900 on, Marie Teckhaus, a Deaconess sponsored by the ''Kaiserswerth Deaconesses Mother House'', ran a medical station, open for patients of all denominations and religions. In 1907 the congregation built a separate school building, but later the discrepancies between the two German-speaking congregations---Evangelical and Templer--- shrank, thus before World War I the schools were pooled. The population fluctuated between 300-400 settlers between 1870 and 1914. Sixty of the colonists were American citizens and their leader, Jacob Schumacher served as the U.S. consular agent for Haifa and northern Palestine.〔Ruth Kark, American Consuls in the Holy Land.〕 Due to their population increase and the on-going urbanisation of Haifa, the colonists searched to buy lands in order to found new settlements. These were to be exclusively monodenominational. Thus the Templers settled in Bethlehem of Galilee and the Evangelical Protestants founded the neighbouring Waldheim.〔Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב אייזלר), "«Kirchler» im Heiligen Land: Die evangelischen Gemeinden in den württembergischen Siedlungen Palästinas (1886-1914)", In: ''Dem Erlöser der Welt zur Ehre: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Einweihung der evangelischen Erlöserkirche in Jerusalem'', Karl-Heinz Ronecker (ed.) on behalf of the 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 81–100, here p. 97. ISBN 3-374-01706-1.〕 Employing modern farming methods, the Templers introduced soil fertilization, better methods of crop rotation and new crops such as potatoes. They imported agricultural machinery and engaged in "mixed farming," combining dairy farming and field crops.〔Land Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882–1914 Gershon Shafir p. 29〕 Registering the land was problematic due to back taxes and local boundary disputes, which sometimes turned violent.〔Ruth Kark, American Consuls Published 1994 Wayne State University Press ISBN 0-8143-2523-8 pp. 245–246, 270〕 The Templers thus abandoned farming in favor of industry and tourism. They built hotels, opened workshops and established an olive oil soap factory.〔(Tour – Haifa – Articles – The German Colony – 1869–2006 )〕 The affluent German colony stood out in its poor surroundings. The only doctor in the city lived there, and one of the residents was a construction engineer. By the end of the Ottoman era the colony had 750 inhabitants, 150 houses and dozens of businesses.〔 The colony was the first model of urban planning in Palestine, with a main street running from north to south (today, Ben-Gurion Boulevard), leading down to the harbor. Smaller streets branched out from the main street. At the southern end of the colony were the Templer vineyards (where the Bahá'í World Centre stands today). The colony was built as a garden city with single-family homes surrounded by gardens and shade trees lining the main boulevard.〔http://www.haifafoundation.com/German_Colony.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German Colony, Haifa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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